Virtualization technologies have become a part of our life. Surprisingly, not many people are familiar with them. In this article, I’m going to give a detailed explanation on what virtualization is. I will take a look at Microsoft Hyper-V technology and examine it by performing the initial steps of configuration: Installation and virtual machine deployment.

What is virtualization?

Virtualization is the creation of a virtual (rather than physical) version of an IT environment, including an operating system (OS), a storage device, etc. Virtualization takes place on the same hardware platform after installing specific software - hypervisor. The hypervisor is an additional layer between physical and virtual spheres; it manages the system’s hardware resources so they are distributed efficiently among virtual machines (VMs).

System resources are provided for VMs, and the hypervisor makes this distribution flexible — and even limited from time-to-time, depending on the current VM load and system policy. Guest software, which is used by end-users, runs on the VM as though it’s running directly on the physical hardware. Both the application and the end user may be unaware that they are working within a virtual sphere.

The history of virtualization

The term "virtualization" has been around since the 1960s. However, because there were no personal computers in those days, virtualization did not become a reality until the late 1990s.

Companies realized then that they could save money by moving from a physical to a virtual platform. Technologies, especially computer capacities, were growing as well. Very much unlike Moore's law (1000-times more, over the last 20 years), office tasks remained on pretty much the same level. That led to inefficient use of resources.

You or your company might be interested in virtualization because it can:

• Save you money by reducing the number of servers consuming energy, and by costing less to purchase and maintain;
• Make management, control and inspection of VMs much easier than with traditional servers;
• Give you a flexible environment for various tests—and more!

Sounds interesting, right? So, what is Hyper-V technology exactly? Let’s take a look at this Microsoft’s interpretation of virtualization.

What is Microsoft Hyper-V?

Microsoft could not ignore the virtualization trend. Microsoft introduced Hyper-V as a virtualization platform in 2008, and it continued to release new Hyper-V versions with new Windows server versions. So far, there are a total of four versions, including Windows Server 2012 R2, Windows Server 2012, Windows Server 2008 R2 and Windows Server 2008.

Update: Recommending to read an E-book "All You Need to Know About Microsoft Windows Server 2016 Virtualization" by Clint Wyckoff to stay tuned with the technology changes that will have great impact on Hyper-V.

Since Hyper-V’s debut, it has always been a Windows Server feature, which could be installed whenever a server administrator decided to do so. It’s also available as a separate product called Microsoft Hyper-V Server. Basically, Microsoft Hyper-V Server is a standalone and shortened version of Windows Server where Microsoft cut out everything irrelevant to virtualization, services and Graphical User Interface (GUI) to make the server as small as possible. Plus, without the bells and whistles, the server requires less maintenance time and it is less vulnerable, because, for example, fewer components mean less patching.

Hyper-V is a hybrid hypervisor, which is installed from OS (via Windows wizard of adding roles). However, during installation it redesigns the OS architecture and becomes just like a next layer on the physical hardware (refer to pic.1).

Pic. 1 Hyper-V architecture

How to install Hyper-V

It’s simple and the same as any typical program installation. First of all, check and see which Windows version you have. If it’s Windows Server OS and newer than 2008, you should activate the Hyper-V role through the Server Manager, and then perform the installation by following the wizard. For Windows 8/8.1, check Windows 8 versions comparison, to make sure your current OS license allows you to deploy Hyper-V.

Note: If you are running a Windows version older than 2008, you will need to upgrade to a newer version before you can proceed.

Once the installation is complete, the computer will reboot. After it has rebooted, you will notice additional services have been installed, including Hyper-V Manager.

Next, let’s go to the Control Panel, then to Administration and then to Hyper-V Manager to find out what you can do with this installation.

How does it work?

All Hyper-V management operations are available from Hyper-V Manager (pic.2).

Pic. 2 Hyper-V Manager

Since Hyper-V role is also integrated into the Server Manager tool, you can find some useful information there by viewing the events and services related to Hyper-V and see recommended configurations, tasks, best practices, and online resources.

With Hyper-V Manager, you can create, change and delete VMs; tune virtual networking and perform additional dependent operations. Let’s make one simple operation and create a test VM right now.

Right-click the server node in the main window, point to New, and select Virtual Machine (Pic.3). You will then see the new Virtual Machine starting.

Pic. 3 Hyper-V Manager. New VM creation.

You must then enter a name for the virtual machine, find a place to store it (the system disk is the default) and specify the amount of memory to allocate.

Next, you will select a network adapter for VM use, create a virtual hard disk (yes, every VM needs a disk) and then define how you are going to install an operating system to VM (physical CD/DVD-ROM or .ISO image on a hard disk). You should then click Finish and your VM will be created!

To check if the VM is working, right-click on the name of the virtual machine and then click Connect (Pic.4). Once the VM is initialized, the operating system installation should start automatically.

Pic. 4 Hyper-V Manager. Virtual Machine Connection.

Licensing in Hyper-V

Windows Server allows you to install one physical instance of an OS, plus some virtual machines depending on the OS version and edition.

From the other side, the standalone edition of Hyper-V does not need any operating system license, but you will need to buy licenses for any instances of Windows when you install them on VMs. For example, if you have Windows Server 2012 Datacenter, you can install an unlimited number of VMs right away. To find out more information, please refer to the article about Windows Server 2012 R2 licensing.

Backing up your data

Once you begin to create or migrate workloads to Hyper-V, you’ll want to make sure everything is backed up. Veeam provides fast, reliable and affordable backup, recovery and replication for virtualized environments running on Windows Server with Hyper-V.

Download a FREE trial of the #1 Hyper-V Backup

Conclusion

Virtualization and Hyper-V alone have brought to computing an entire revolution of new benefits, including hardware-resource savings, a need for less space, energy cost savings, and much more.

Error:join network can not connect Zerotier service

报警信息是由于Ghost 版本的操作系统或者破解版的操作系统导致服务没有启动造成。需要手动启动Zerotier Service

解决方法：

1.键盘上同时按下+R快捷键，在弹出视窗中输入services.msc,

2.点击确定后弹出服务管理界面，找到ZeroTier One,点击鼠标右键，重新启动服务。

****

ZeroTier 是一款非常简单易用的内网穿透工具，不需要配置，就能实现虚拟局域网的组建，让你可以在外也能连回家中、学校、办公室的电脑获取资料，数据。配置与使用都非常简单，堪称「 无配置，零基础」，小白也能用。

为什么要连回家、连回办公室、连回学校？因为数据在远方啊。

• 首先，如果你有一台长期开机的服务器（比如办公室），或者普通电脑也行，不然你连不回去的 ?
• 然后，有在服务器以外的位置安全访问数据的需求
• 最后，就是用 ZeroTier 简单的组建局域网，就像你还在办公室一样。

青小蛙干过最离谱的事情，在月末的时候苦于本地流量用不完，跑到鸟不拉屎的地方，打开热点，用 iPad 连回家，看个电影 ? 反正速度快，反正不要钱，反正电影总是要看…

下面就开始真正说 ZeroTier 啦，不说理论了，直接上过程，先画个线：

ZeroTier 支持平台

ZeroTier 支持 Windows、macOS、Linux 三大主流平台，iOS、Android 两大移动平台，以及 QNAP（威连通）、Synology（群晖）、Western Digital MyCloud NAS（西部数据）三个 NAS 平台，还支持 LEDE 开源路由器项目。

使用 ZeroTier 步骤

1. 注册 ZeroTier，获得 Internal ID
2. 创建私有局域网，获得 Network ID
3. 安装客户端，加入 Network ID（或邀请 Internal ID 加入）
4. 连接

因为有 ZeroTier 服务器的支持，所以对于网络是有限制的，免费网络限制 100 台设备，超过了就要付费。100 台对于个人或者小团队使用来说都足够了。超过 100 台价格为 $29/month，另外也可以自建服务中心，$100/month

ZeroTier 后台控制介绍

注册就不说了，登录后，进入 Networks 页面，创建网络，然后进入网络设置。

▍网络管理

本着「零基础」的玩法，我们依旧最小化设置：

输入网络名字，选择 Certificate (Private Network)，其他默认即可，包括右侧的路由管理，就随他去吧。

▍客户端连接

不同客户端连接方式不同，不过都非常简单：

1. 运行客户端
2. 输入 Network ID
3. 等待授权

▍用户管理

所有新连接的用户都需要被创建者授权一次，依旧在上面那个后台页面，拉到下方 Members 区域，就能看到已连接用户列表了。

记得在 Auth? 那一栏里打勾，就完全了全部设置。

也可以在后台直接输入 Internal ID 来添加用户。

如何使用

这的确是个问题，首先，你需要知道别人的 IP 地址、连接方式，比如远程桌面、SSH、NAS 网络储存、数据同步，或者最简单的先 ping 一下 ?

1. 找到一台运行于外网的Web服务器
2. 服务器上有网站所需要的环境，否则自行搭建
3. 将网站部署到服务器上
4. 调试结束后，再将网站从服务器上删除

1. 首先注册并下载ngrok，得到一串授权码
2. 运行命令ngrok -authtoken 你的授权码 80，80是你本地Web服务的端口，而之后ngrok会记住你的授权码，直接ngrok 80就OK了
3. 你会得到一串网址，通过这个网址就可以访问你本地的Web服务了

• 对客户端隐藏服务器（集群）的IP地址
• 安全：作为应用层防火墙，为网站提供对基于Web的攻击行为（例如DoS/DDoS）的防护，更容易排查恶意软件等
• 为后端服务器（集群）统一提供加密和SSL加速（如SSL终端代理）
• 负载均衡，若服务器集群中有负荷较高者，反向代理通过URL重写，根据连线请求从负荷较低者获取与所需相同的资源或备援
• 对于静态内容及短时间内有大量访问请求的动态内容提供缓存服务
• 对一些内容进行压缩，以节约带宽或为网络带宽不佳的网络提供服务
• 减速上传
• 为在私有网络下（如局域网）的服务器集群提供NAT穿透及外网发布服务
• 提供HTTP访问认证
• 突破互联网封锁（不常用，因为反向代理与客户端之间的连线不一定是加密连线，非加密连线仍有遭内容审查进而遭封禁的风险；此外面对针对域名的关键字过滤、DNS缓存污染/投毒攻击乃至深度数据包检测也无能为力）

• Nginx、Tengine
• Apache HTTP Server
• Varnish cache
• Squid Cache
• Traffic Server
• HAProxy
• YXORP
• Polipo
• Privoxy
• IIS